Private driver in Marrakech for day trips
A car and driver from your Marrakech riad to Agafay, Ourika or Essaouira, rate quoted on request.
Your private driver
At a glance
This page is for visitors based in Marrakech who want their own car and driver for a day out, not a group tour. You can ask for the day to start at Menara airport: the transport company confirms on WhatsApp whether it collects you there. A single ride from the airport has its own page, the airport transfer page. If you would rather drive yourself, the car hire page is linked at the bottom.
- Pick-up: your riad or hotel in Marrakech, at the time you agree.
- ONMT's day-trip times: Agafay about 45 min, the Ourika Valley about 1 hour, Essaouira about 2.5 hours.
- Hire: a car with driver for half a day, a full day or several days.
- Rates: a price per vehicle, quoted before your day out.
Updated on .
mesloisirs.ma puts you in touch with a partner transport company, which provides the transport.
Page prepared by Nadir · Our editorial policy
Day trips by car from Marrakech
Agafay desert
about 45 min(visitmorocco.com, checked on )
Ourika Valley
about 1 hour(visitmorocco.com, checked on )
Essaouira
about 2.5 hours(visitmorocco.com, checked on )
Booking a driver in Marrakech, step by step
Pick the length
In the form, choose Half day, Full day or Several days, then Today, Tomorrow or Pick a date.
Write your plan
Under Add details, note the itinerary, for example Agafay for the sunset or Ourika with a lunch stop, and the driver's language you want.
Read the rate on WhatsApp
The transport company sends the rate for your vehicle and a pick-up time at your riad or hotel.
Leave from your door
The driver collects you at the agreed time, follows the plan you settled and brings you back.
Private driver in Marrakech by the hour, the half day or the day: what each booking means
A private driver in Marrakech is one car and its driver kept for a block of time, going where you say. The catch is that "half day" and "full day" mean different things from one company to the next. So the quote has to spell out the hours, the kilometres and where the car may go.
The operator pages we read on 15 November 2026 show how wide the gap is. Their full day runs from 8 hours to up to 12 hours, and one company counts 10 hours. Only one page publishes a distance cap: up to 100 km for its 4-hour half day, and up to 250 km for its full day.
Two other pages show what the words can hide. One sells its full day as time windows that start at 9am, the shortest ending at 6pm, and keeps the car within the Marrakech city limits. Another describes its half day only by where it goes (Agafay, the palm grove, a few Atlas viewpoints) and prints no hours at all.
| Format | Hours published | Distance limit published | Where the car may go | Type of page |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hourly hire | No day length published | None published | Within Marrakech only: the medina, Gueliz, Hivernage, the Palmeraie and the gardens | Transfer operator |
| Half day | 4 hours | Up to 100 km | Not stated | Transfer operator |
| Half day | No hours, defined by destination | None published | Agafay, the palm grove, short Atlas viewpoints | Car hire marketplace |
| Standby | 4 hours, 8 hours or several days | None published | Not stated | Driver company |
| Full day | 8 hours | Up to 250 km | Longer days agreed in the written quote | Transfer operator |
| Full day | 10 hours | None published | Day trips out of the city | Driver company |
| Full day | Up to 12 hours | None published | Not stated | Driver company |
| Full day | 9am to 6pm | None published | Within the city limits only | Driver company |
Each operator's own terms, read on its page on 15 November 2026. They are not the terms of the transport company that receives your request: ask it for its own with your quote.
What to get in writing before the day
- The number of hours, and what each hour beyond them costs.
- The kilometres included, if there is a cap, and how extra distance is charged.
- Whether the car may leave the city, and which places the price covers.
- When the clock starts: at your riad gate, or when the car leaves its base.
A booking by the hour is the right tool for a couple of gardens and a lunch in Gueliz. A half day is for one place outside town. Anything past the plateau or the first valley is a full day, and the long outings below need the longest one on offer.
Road distances and drive times from Marrakech, measured from the Koutoubia
Every distance in this guide starts at the Koutoubia, on the Boulevard Mohammed V side, where cars run along the edge of the medina. UNESCO calls the mosque, with its minaret of 77 metres, the symbol of the city.
We routed each trip on 15 November 2026 with the OSRM engine on OpenStreetMap data. The times are wheel time only: no traffic, no stop, no toll plaza, no parking. On the mountain roads south of Tahannaout and Tnine Ourika the engine uses the speed of the road class, not what the bends allow, so read those times as a floor.
| Place | Road distance from the Koutoubia | Drive time without traffic | Side of town and road | Tourist office's time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agafay plateau (map marker on the RP2013) | 31 km | 45 minutes | South-west, RR212 | About 45 minutes |
| Lalla Takerkoust | 35 km | 35 minutes | South-west, RP2009 | Not given |
| Amizmiz | 57 km | 1 hour | South-west, RP2009 | Not given |
| Tahannaout | 31 km | 35 minutes | South, RN7 | Not given |
| Asni | 49 km | 55 minutes | South, RN7 | Not given |
| Imlil | 64 km | 1 hour 20 minutes | South, RN7 then RP2030 | Not given |
| Anima garden | 32 km | 45 minutes | South-east, RP2017 | Not given |
| Tnine Ourika | 35 km | 45 minutes | South-east, RP2017 | About 1 hour to the valley |
| Setti Fatma | 62 km | 1 hour 20 minutes | South-east, RP2017 | Not given |
| Oukaïmeden | 77 km | 1 hour 35 minutes | South-east, RP2017 then RP2030 | Not given |
| Tizi n'Tichka pass | 104 km | 1 hour 50 minutes | East, RN9 | Not given |
| Aït Ben Haddou | 169 km | 3 hours 15 minutes | East, RN9 | Not given |
| Ouzoud falls | 159 km | 3 hours | North-east, RR210, RN23, RR304 | Not given |
| Essaouira, Bab Sbaa | 184 km | 2 hours 40 minutes | West, RN8 | About 2.5 hours |
| Safi | 155 km | 3 hours | North-west | 2 hours 18 minutes |
Free-flow routing times on OpenStreetMap data (OSRM), one way, computed on 15 November 2026, with no traffic and no stop: never a promise. The tourist office gives no start point for its times. Road numbers as tagged on OpenStreetMap.
The tourist office and the routing agree on Agafay and come close on Essaouira. Safi is the pair to watch. The office prints 2 hours 18 minutes and 157.2 km on its Marrakech page, while the routing gives 3 hours for 155 km. The distances match, so the gap is in the time: plan on the longer one.
The grouping matters more than the numbers. Places on the same road chain into one day; places on two different roads usually mean crossing back through Marrakech, as the next section shows.
Know which places you want to see? Send the list for a price on the day.
Get a quoteSources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on · UNESCO World Heritage Centre, checked on · ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on · OSRM project (car profile), checked on · OpenStreetMap (Overpass API), checked on
Marrakech private driver day trip: what fits in a half day and in a full day
A half day fits Agafay, the lake of Lalla Takerkoust, the Anima garden on the Ourika road, or a loop of gardens in town. Setti Fatma, Imlil and Oukaïmeden need a full day. Essaouira, Ouzoud and Aït Ben Haddou need the longest day a company sells, with an early start.
The test is simple: return driving against the length of the booking. Take the shortest definitions we found, a half day of 4 hours and a full day of 8 hours. Whatever the car does not spend on the road is your time on site.
| Outing | Return distance | Return driving time | Left on site in a half day of 4 hours | Left on site in a full day of 8 hours |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agafay plateau | 62 km | 1 hour 30 minutes | More than half the time on the plateau | Most of the day |
| Lalla Takerkoust lake | 70 km | 1 hour 10 minutes | Most of it at the lake | Most of the day |
| Anima garden, Ourika road | 65 km | 1 hour 25 minutes | More than half | Most of the day |
| Setti Fatma | 125 km | 2 hours 40 minutes | Under half | Most of the day |
| Imlil | 129 km | 2 hours 35 minutes | Under half | Most of the day |
| Oukaïmeden | 154 km | 3 hours 15 minutes | Very little | More than half |
| Essaouira | 367 km | 5 hours 15 minutes | Not possible | Under half |
| Ouzoud falls | 319 km | 6 hours | Not possible | About a quarter |
| Aït Ben Haddou | 341 km | 6 hours 35 minutes | Not possible | Under a quarter |
Return trips routed from the Koutoubia (OSRM on OpenStreetMap data, 15 November 2026), free-flow with no stop. Day lengths from one operator page read the same day. A longer day leaves more on site: ask for it in writing.
Distance caps hit the same three outings. The one operator that publishes a cap stops its full day at up to 250 km. Essaouira is 367 km out and back, Aït Ben Haddou 341 km and Ouzoud 319 km, so ask how extra kilometres are charged before you agree.
Days with several stops that work
Stops on the same road chain well. Stops in two valleys do not, because the car has to come back down one valley before it can climb the next. These five days keep to one road each.
| Day | Stops in order | Total distance | Total driving time |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plateau and lake | Koutoubia, Agafay, Lalla Takerkoust, back to the Koutoubia | 78 km | 1 hour 40 minutes |
| The Ourika road | Koutoubia, Anima garden, Tnine Ourika, Setti Fatma, back | 127 km | 2 hours 45 minutes |
| Ourika and the ski road | Koutoubia, Tnine Ourika, Oukaïmeden, back | 154 km | 3 hours 15 minutes |
| The Toubkal side | Koutoubia, Ouirgane, Asni, Imlil, back | 158 km | 3 hours 10 minutes |
| Kasbahs over the pass | Koutoubia, Telouet, Aït Ben Haddou, back | 345 km | 6 hours 55 minutes |
Sums of the routed legs, OSRM on OpenStreetMap data, 15 November 2026: driving only, no stop, no traffic, and a floor on the mountain roads.
The last line is the hardest of the five: it is a long day of driving before you have walked anywhere. On a short winter day it works better as the first half of a two-day loop. What to do at each stop, and what group tours charge for the same places, is in our comparison of day trips from Marrakech.
Half day or full day? Send your stops and the hours you want.
Get a quoteSources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on
A driver for the day in Marrakech itself: gardens, museums and the Palmeraie
Inside Marrakech a driver is worth it for the ring of gardens and newer districts around the walls, not for the medina. UNESCO counts 700 hectares of lanes, houses, souks and fondouks inside the walls, on its list since 1985, and you see them on foot.
The hops outside are short. From the Koutoubia the Jardin Majorelle gate is 3.2 km by road, the Menara gate 3.0 km and the start of the Palmeraie circuit 4.3 km. For one of them, a petit taxi or a calèche is enough: the tourism council's calèche page of October 2024 lists the Majorelle, the Menara and the ramparts among its rides.
A driver starts to pay when the day chains three stops or more, when children or older travellers are along, or in high summer. The weather service's normals give a mean daily maximum of 33.6 °C in June and 37.7 °C in July, and walking between stops in that heat is exactly what a car saves you.
| Sight | Road distance from the Koutoubia | Opening hours | Closed on | Ticket rule |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jardin Majorelle | 3.2 km | 8am to 5.30pm, last entry 5pm | Open every day | Online only, for a dated time slot |
| Musée Yves Saint Laurent | Same street as the Majorelle | 10am to 6pm, last entry 5.30pm | Wednesdays | Online only, through the Majorelle ticket site |
| Le Jardin Secret | In the medina lanes, on foot | 9.30am to 5.30pm in November and December | Open every day, public holidays included | Sold at the entrance |
| Anima garden, Ourika road | 32 km | 9am to 6pm | The Aid al Fitr and Aid al Adha holidays | 140 MAD for an adult |
| Saadian Tombs | In the Kasbah, south of the medina | 8.30am to 11.45am and 2.30pm to 5.45pm, as listed in October 2024 | Not stated | Not stated |
Hours from each sight's own page, read on 15 November 2026; the Saadian Tombs hours from the regional tourism council's page of 1 October 2024. Hours change with the season: check the ticket office when you book.
The Majorelle ticket decides the day
Since 30 January 2023 the Jardin Majorelle sells tickets online only, for a date and a time slot, on its own ticket office. Tickets bought anywhere else do not get you in, and a driver cannot buy one at the gate. Book the slot first, then build the rest of the day around it.

The garden page showed 170 MAD for admission when we read it, and children under 10 with an adult go in free. The garden says it and its museums are accessible to disabled visitors. Le Jardin Secret works the other way: 100 MAD, paid at the door in Rue Mouassine.
Where the car waits is a map question, not a rule we could source. OpenStreetMap shows paying car parks named Parking Koutoubia and Bahia Palace Parking. No official page we read says where a car may stop or for how long, so leave that to the driver.

Why each garden or museum deserves a slot in your day is covered in our list of things to do in Marrakech.
Sources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on · UNESCO World Heritage Centre, checked on · CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com) (1, 2), checked on · WMO World Weather Information Service (data: Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Morocco), checked on · Jardin Majorelle (official ticket office), checked on · Jardin Majorelle (1, 2), checked on · Fondation Jardin Majorelle, checked on · Musée Yves Saint Laurent Marrakech, checked on · Le Jardin Secret (1, 2), checked on · ANIMA garden, checked on · OpenStreetMap (1, 2), checked on
Where the car meets you: the medina gate that suits the road of the day
An operator page we read on 15 November 2026 puts it plainly: for a medina riad, the car stops at the closest authorised point and the riad porter meets you there. So the name of your riad is not a meeting point. Pick a gate on the side of the medina where the day's road leaves town. The driver then avoids crossing Marrakech twice, once to fetch you and once to head out.
The map makes the sides clear. Bab Agnaou and Bab Rob stand side by side south of Jemaa el-Fna, close to where the Ourika road starts; the tourism council calls Bab Agnaou the historic entrance of the Kasbah. Bab Doukkala, on the north-west side, stands by Avenue des Nations Unies, which the map tags as the RN8 and RN9.
| Road of the day | Road number | Side of the medina | Gates and car parks on that side | First town on the road |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ourika valley and Oukaïmeden | RP2017 | South | Bab Agnaou, Bab Rob, Bab Ksiba | Tnine Ourika |
| Asni, Imlil and Ouirgane | RN7 | South | Bab Agnaou, Bab Rob, and the Bab Ahmar car park to the south-east | Tahannaout |
| Agafay and Lalla Takerkoust | RR212 and RP2009 | West | Bab Laksour and the Koutoubia car park | Agafay or Lalla Takerkoust |
| Essaouira and Chichaoua | RN8 to the west | North-west | Bab Doukkala | Chichaoua |
| Ouzoud and Demnate | RN8 to the east, then RR210 | North | Bab El Khemis and the Bab Taghzout car park | Demnate |
| Tizi n'Tichka and Aït Ben Haddou | RN9, the Route de Fes | North | Bab El Khemis | Aït Ourir |
Sides read from OpenStreetMap coordinates on 15 November 2026, road numbers as tagged there. No official source ties a gate to a road: a gate becomes the meeting point only once the transport company confirms it.

There is room to wait on three sides. The Commune of Marrakech reports three medina car parks with 462 places in all: Bab Lkhmis on the north, Bab Ghmat on the east and Bab Ahmar on the south-east. A driver can wait there while you walk out to the gate.
What to send the transport company
- The riad's name and its phone number.
- The gate the riad's staff use, spelt the way they write it.
- For a hotel outside the walls, in Gueliz, Hivernage or the Palmeraie, the street address is enough.
- Your own WhatsApp number, so the driver can call from the gate.
One landmark has moved, and older guides still get it wrong. The coach station at Bab Doukkala closed on 23 July 2026, and since then every coach uses Al Azzouzia in the north-west of the city, La Tribune de Marrakech reports. Bab Doukkala stays a gate, and one of the taxi ranks the tourism council named in December 2024.
Sources: OpenStreetMap (Overpass API) (1, 2), checked on · CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com) (1, 2), checked on · Commune de Marrakech, checked on · La Tribune de Marrakech, checked on · GOV.UK (FCDO travel advice), checked on
Agafay with a private driver: the half day and the sunset run
Agafay is the outing that fits most easily into a first or a last day in Marrakech. Our routed point on the plateau is 31 km and 45 minutes from the Koutoubia, and the regional tourism council describes a rocky desert of hills, far from the classic sand dunes.
The tarmac is the easy part. The RP2013 across the area is tagged asphalt on every mapped section. The camps are another matter: the ways around the camps mapped on OpenStreetMap are tracks or minor roads, none tagged asphalt.

So ask your camp two questions before the day: where the tarmac ends, and whether a saloon car reaches the door. For off-road driving in the mountains or the desert, Canada's advice is to use only a four-wheel-drive vehicle.
Sunset times and the drive back
A sunset visit means the drive back is in the dark. British advice says poor lighting can make it dangerous to drive at night, and Canada says to avoid driving at night. The return to town is 31 km; leave the plateau soon after the light goes.
| Month | Sunset in Marrakech |
|---|---|
| January | 18:51 |
| February | 19:19, or 18:19 if Morocco is on GMT for Ramadan |
| March | 19:40 |
| April | 20:01 |
| May | 20:22 |
| June | 20:39 |
| July | 20:38 |
| August | 20:16 |
| September | 19:38 |
| October | 19:00 |
| November | 18:33 |
| December | 18:30 |
US Naval Observatory times for the centre of Marrakech. Morocco is on GMT+1 and moves to GMT during Ramadan; we found no published date for the 2027 change on 15 November 2026.
To use the table, count back from sunset: 45 minutes of driving, plus the time you want on the plateau before the light goes. A 20:39 sunset in June means setting off late in a hot afternoon; an 18:30 sunset in December means leaving soon after lunch.
In Ramadan, British advice adds that driving may be erratic at dusk, when people hurry home to break the fast. The lake of Lalla Takerkoust adds one short leg: 11.7 km and 20 minutes from the plateau, on a lake the tourist office places 40 km south of Marrakech.
Sources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap (1, 2), checked on · US Naval Observatory, Astronomical Applications Department (1, 2), checked on · CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on · OpenStreetMap (Overpass API) (1, 2), checked on · Government of Canada, checked on · GOV.UK (FCDO travel advice), checked on · ONMT (visitmorocco.com) (1, 2), checked on
Ourika, Imlil and Oukaïmeden: three Atlas roads from Marrakech
Ourika, Imlil and Oukaïmeden are three separate roads, not one "Atlas day". On each, the car climbs to the head of its valley and comes back the same way. Two valleys in one day therefore cost far more driving than the map suggests.
The Ourika road to Setti Fatma
The Ourika road is the RP2017. It leaves Marrakech south of the medina, crosses the Haouz plain with its olive groves and orchards, and climbs into the foothills. It ends at Setti Fatma, 62 km and 1 hour 20 minutes from the Koutoubia, where the map shows footpaths leading on from the village. The last stretch is tagged asphalt, two lanes.

The Anima garden sits 32 km out, reached by the last 500 m of unpaved road off the valley road, by the garden's own directions. It runs a free shuttle for ticket holders from the Koutoubia car park, at 9.30am and 2.30pm on its page last updated in January 2025, to be booked at least 24 hours in advance. For that garden alone, the shuttle does the job.
Asni and Imlil, the road to Toubkal National Park
The RN7 runs south through Tahannaout to Asni, tagged at 1,185 metres. From Asni the RP2030 climbs to Imlil, about 1,740 metres up and 64 km from the Koutoubia. The regional tourism council calls Imlil the favoured starting point for the ascent of Toubkal.
The tourist office says the climb of Jbel Toubkal takes two days and that you should hire a guide. So a driver day reaches the trailhead, not the summit. The driver can wait in the village while a mountain guide walks with you; British advice is to hire a professional guide for any Atlas hike.

Oukaïmeden, the slowest of the three
Oukaïmeden is reached by a second road numbered RP2030, which leaves the Ourika valley and climbs to a ski area that rises to 3,200 metres. It is 77 km from the Koutoubia and 1 hour 35 minutes by routing. From Tnine Ourika the routed road to the ski station is 42 km and 52 minutes, and the routing does not slow down for the bends of the climb.

| Road | Where it ends | Road distance | Drive time without traffic | What to check in winter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RP2017, Ourika valley | Setti Fatma, end of the tarmac | 62 km | 1 hour 20 minutes | Flash floods along the river |
| RN7 then RP2030, via Asni | Imlil village, about 1,740 metres | 64 km | 1 hour 20 minutes | Cut sections in the road bulletin |
| RP2017 then RP2030 | Oukaïmeden ski area, up to 3,200 metres | 77 km | 1 hour 35 minutes | Snow, restrictions and diversions |
Routed one way from the Koutoubia on OpenStreetMap data (OSRM), 15 November 2026, free-flow with no stop. On these roads the engine assumes the speed of the road class: treat the times as a floor.
Rain, floods and the road bulletin
Canada puts the rainy season from November to March and warns that flash floods can be especially dangerous in the High Atlas valleys. The Moroccan weather service says never to drive or walk onto a flooded road or near a watercourse, and the tourism council describes rivers all along the road to Ourika.
Before a winter day, ask the driver to check the ministry's Bulletin de viabilité routière, which lists cut and reopened road sections province by province. It is posted in the news block of the Ministry of Equipment's site, and the road information line of the Direction générale des routes is 05 37 71 17 17.
Between Ouirgane and Talat N'Yaaqoub, works to upgrade the RN7 were launched on 25 July 2024. We found no official page of 2026 on how far they have got, so ask the driver about the road on the day.
Sources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap (1, 2), checked on · OpenStreetMap (Overpass API) (1, 2, 3), checked on · CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com) (1, 2), checked on · ANIMA garden (1, 2), checked on · ONMT (visitmorocco.com) (1, 2), checked on · GOV.UK (FCDO travel advice), checked on · OSRM project (car profile), checked on · Government of Canada, checked on · Direction Générale de la Météorologie (Maroc Météo), checked on · Ministère de l'Equipement et de l'Eau (1, 2), checked on · Ministère de l'Equipement et de l'Eau, Direction générale des routes, checked on · Ministère de l'Equipement et de l'Eau (dépêche MAP), checked on
Essaouira and back in a day with a driver: the hours on the road
Essaouira and back in a day works, but it is one of the longest days in this guide. The routed drive is 184 km and 2 hours 40 minutes each way from the Koutoubia to Bab Sbaa, so 367 km and 5 hours 15 minutes at the wheel in the day.
On a full day of 8 hours that leaves little time by the sea; on 10 hours or 12 hours it leaves a real afternoon. One operator page read on 15 November 2026 sells its Essaouira day as a 10 to 12 hour outing. Ask for the longer length, in writing, before you agree a price.
The road is the RN8 west, through Chichaoua, 81 km out by our routing. The motorway towards Agadir also reaches Chichaoua: ADM's grid charges 20 MAD for a class 1 car between the Marrakech Targa station and Chichaoua, and 33 MAD for class 2.
| Way to go | Boarding point | Journey time one way | First and last departure | Door to door |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private driver | Your riad gate or hotel | 2 hours 40 minutes of driving, plus your stops | When you choose | Yes, both ways |
| CTM coach | Check your ticket: CTM still lists Boulevard Aboubaker Seddik, and all coaches must use Al Azzouzia since 24 July 2026 | 3 hours | 08:30 out, 17:00 back | No |
| Supratours coach | Check your ticket: its agency list still shows the railway station | Check the timetable for your date | Check the timetable for your date | No |
CTM times from its booking system for Saturday 21 and Tuesday 17 November 2026: one coach a day each way, 105 MAD a seat on the Saturday. Since 24 July 2026 coaches go through the Al Azzouzia station, so check the boarding point printed on your ticket.
For one or two people the coach is the cheaper way. CTM's 08:30 coach is due in Essaouira at 11:30, and the 17:00 return is due in Marrakech at 20:00, which leaves the middle of the day in town. A driver adds the stops on the way and spares you the walk between the coach stops and your door.
Essaouira itself is seen on foot. UNESCO has listed its medina, a property of 56.7 ha, since 2001. OpenStreetMap shows paying car parks by Bab El Minzah and near Bab Marrakech; ask the transport company where it usually sets down.

Essaouira in a day? Ask for a price on a long day from your riad.
Get a quoteIf the clock worries you, sleep there and drive back the next morning: the loops of two and three days are further down this guide.
Sources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on · OpenStreetMap (Overpass API), checked on · ADM, checked on · CTM (1, 2, 3, 4), checked on · Supratours, checked on · La Tribune de Marrakech, checked on · UNESCO World Heritage Centre, checked on · OpenStreetMap (1, 2), checked on
Ouzoud and Aït Ben Haddou: the two long days from Marrakech
Ouzoud and Aït Ben Haddou each take 6 hours or more of return driving, which makes them long days rather than full days. Operator pages read on 15 November 2026 print about 2 hours 30 minutes to Ouzoud; routing gives 3 hours for 159 km each way.
Aït Ben Haddou runs the other way round. Pages print anything from 3 hours to 4 hours, while routing gives 3 hours 15 minutes for 169 km. That routed time crosses the Tizi n'Tichka on the road-class speed, so take it as a floor.
| Outing | Time printed on operator pages | Routed time one way | Return driving time | Road distance one way |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ouzoud falls | About 2 hours 30 minutes | 3 hours | 6 hours | 159 km |
| Aït Ben Haddou | 3 hours to 4 hours | 3 hours 15 minutes | 6 hours 35 minutes | 169 km |
| Ouarzazate, sold with the ksar | 3 hours | 3 hours 40 minutes | 7 hours 25 minutes | 193 km |
| Merzouga | Not a day trip | 10 hours 5 minutes | Two days on the road | 553 km |
Printed times from operator pages read on 15 November 2026, not named here. Routed times: OSRM on OpenStreetMap data, free-flow with no stop, and a floor on the Tichka road.
The Ouzoud day
The tourist office describes a waterfall of 100 metres plunging into a chasm, and UNESCO counts the falls among the landmarks of the M'Goun UNESCO Global Geopark. The way there is the RR210 to Demnate, then the RN23 and the RR304. Leave early in winter: the December sunset comes at 18:30.

Aït Ben Haddou over the Tizi n'Tichka
The ksar, on UNESCO's list since 1987, stands on the southern slopes of the High Atlas. To reach it the RN9 crosses the Tizi n'Tichka pass at 2,260 metres.
In winter the driver should read the road bulletin before the pass. Under a snow alert the weather service asks drivers to check traffic conditions and respect restrictions and diversions.
Entry fees, parking and the boat: ask what the quote covers
We found no official page giving an entry fee, a parking fee or a boat fee at Ouzoud or in the ksar, and none saying they are free. One operator page read on 15 November 2026 suggests a budget of 100 to 200 MAD per person for such fees on a full day. Ask whether parking, the boat at the foot of the falls and any house visit are in the quote.
Merzouga needs its own line: it is not a day trip from Marrakech. A route that ends at a desert camp or in another city is a different booking, covered on the Morocco-wide page linked further down.
Sources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on · OSRM project (car profile), checked on · ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on · UNESCO (Global Geoparks), checked on · OpenStreetMap (Overpass API) (1, 2), checked on · US Naval Observatory, Astronomical Applications Department, checked on · UNESCO World Heritage Centre, checked on · Direction Générale de la Météorologie (Maroc Météo), checked on
Private driver prices in Marrakech: what changes the quote for each outing
A private driver in Marrakech is priced on the hours and the kilometres, and then on what the quote leaves out. Tolls, tickets and a guide are the extras that change most from one outing to the next, so check each of them against the place you are going.
Tolls are the easy part. ADM's grid has no station on the Ourika, Asni, Oukaïmeden, Agafay, Ouzoud, Ouarzazate or Essaouira roads: out of Marrakech, its stations sit on the motorways towards Casablanca and Agadir. On the Essaouira day a car that takes the motorway pays 20 MAD from the Marrakech Targa station to Chichaoua, each way.
A bigger vehicle can change the toll class. ADM puts 2-axle vehicles no taller than 1.30 m at the front axle in class 1, and taller 2-axle vehicles in class 2, which pays 33 MAD on the same stretch. The figures are on ADM's toll grid.
| Outing | Return distance | Motorway toll for a car | Tickets or guide to plan | What to ask |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gardens in town | 6.1 km to the Majorelle and back | None | Majorelle ticket bought online for a time slot | How long the driver waits at each stop |
| Agafay | 62 km | None on the toll grid | Camp or activity booked apart | Whether the car reaches the camp |
| Ourika road and the Anima garden | 65 km | None on the toll grid | Anima adult ticket at 140 MAD | Whether lunch stops count in the hours |
| Imlil | 129 km | None on the toll grid | A mountain guide for any walk | Whether the guide is in the price |
| Essaouira | 367 km | 20 MAD each way, Targa to Chichaoua | None in this guide | Tolls and the driver's lunch, included or not |
Return distances routed from the Koutoubia (OSRM on OpenStreetMap data, 15 November 2026). Toll from ADM's grid for class 1; the Anima price from the garden's page.
How much does a private driver cost in Marrakech for a day out?
Operator pages read on 15 November 2026 publish "from" prices of 500 MAD for an Agafay outing, 700 MAD for the Ourika Valley and 1,200 MAD for Essaouira or Ouzoud. One sells a 10-hour full day from 1,700 MAD, with entry fees, activities and meals not included. These are market figures, not a quote.
The rate that counts for your booking is the one the transport company quotes for your vehicle and your plan. Send the plan through the form and ask for a price per vehicle. On a long day, also ask who pays for the driver's lunch.
Want the price of your own plan? Send the stops and the hours.
Get a quoteSources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on · ADM (1, 2), checked on · Jardin Majorelle, checked on · ANIMA garden, checked on
Driver, group tour, coach or grand taxi: which suits which outing
A private driver is not the cheapest way out of Marrakech, and for some outings it is not the right one. It wins when three or four of you share the car, when the day has several stops, when children set the pace, or on a valley road with no published bus line.
The regional tourism council's transport page of December 2024 lays out the other ways. Supratours and CTM coaches run the longer journeys, to Essaouira, Safi, Agadir or Ouarzazate. Shared taxis link the surrounding towns but leave only once full. Tourist minibuses take small groups out, often with stops at craft cooperatives.
City buses are in flux. LesEco reported that the network changed operator on 14 December 2025 and that line numbers and routes were recast. We found no published line to the Ourika road, Asni or Lalla Takerkoust, so ask at your riad before you count on one.
| Outing | Private driver | Group day tour | Coach or bus | Grand taxi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agafay | Door to door, at the hour you pick | Minibus groups sold in the medina or Gueliz | None found | Not named by the council |
| Ourika road | Stops of your choice in the valley | Minibus groups, often with cooperative stops | None found | Shared, leaves when full |
| Imlil | Waits while you walk with a guide | Minibus groups to the Atlas | None found | Shared, leaves when full |
| Essaouira | Door to door, stops on the way | Minibus groups for the day | CTM: one coach a day each way on the dates we checked | Not named by the council |
| Ouzoud | A long day on your own timing | Minibus groups for a long day | None found | Not named by the council |
From the regional tourism council's transport page (December 2024), CTM's booking system and the LesEco report on city buses (August 2026). No fares here: they change, and taxi fares have their own guide.
Petit taxis and ride apps
The tourist office describes the taxi as a way to travel inside a city. British advice warns that petit taxi drivers will often pick up other customers on the way. It also says to agree a fare in advance or check the meter.
The same advice warns that cars booked through ride-sharing apps may be unlicensed, with drivers not registered and vehicles not insured to carry passengers. For what a taxi costs from the airport or across town, see our guide to taxi fares, in French.
Our verdict, outing by outing: take a group tour or the coach when price comes first and the timetable suits you. Take a driver when the car is shared by three or more, when you want more than one stop, or when a valley has no line. Group tours and their prices are compared in our guide to Marrakech day trips.
If you would rather drive yourself, a hire car does all five outings, with the Atlas roads and the dark return from Agafay to handle on your own. Our page on self-drive hire in Marrakech is in French.
Three or more of you, with several stops in mind? Ask what the car costs for the day.
Get a quoteSources: CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on · LesEco, checked on · CTM (1, 2), checked on · ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on · UK FCDO, checked on
Heat, snow, rain and Ramadan: Marrakech month by month for a day on the road
The month changes the timing of a driver day more than the route. The Moroccan weather service's normals for 1991 to 2020 give Marrakech a mean daily maximum of 37.7 °C in July and a mean daily minimum of 5.9 °C in January. Summer days start early; winter days end early.
| Month | Mean daily maximum | Mean daily minimum | Rain days | What it changes for a day with a driver |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 19.1 °C | 5.9 °C | 5 rain days | Short days for Ouzoud or Aït Ben Haddou; ski season at Oukaïmeden |
| February | 20.7 °C | 7.6 °C | 6 rain days | Ramadan expected from around 7 February: agree lunch stops |
| March | 23.6 °C | 10.3 °C | 6 rain days | Last month of the rainy season Canada describes |
| April | 25.7 °C | 12.4 °C | 5 rain days | A month the tourist office recommends for Marrakech |
| May | 29.4 °C | 15.2 °C | 3 rain days | Warm afternoons: put the outdoor stop in the morning |
| June | 33.6 °C | 17.9 °C | 2 rain days | Early starts; Agafay late, with sunset at 20:39 |
| July | 37.7 °C | 20.6 °C | 2 rain days | The hottest month: early start, gardens before noon |
| August | 37.4 °C | 21.1 °C | 2 rain days | Almost as hot as July: start early |
| September | 32.5 °C | 18.6 °C | 3 rain days | Back in the tourist office's recommended months |
| October | 28.5 °C | 15.7 °C | 4 rain days | Mild days for the long outings |
| November | 23.1 °C | 10.7 °C | 5 rain days | Rainy season starts: flash floods in High Atlas valleys |
| December | 20.2 °C | 7.3 °C | 6 rain days | Shortest days, with sunset at 18:30 |
Climate normals 1991 to 2020 of the Moroccan weather service, published by the WMO for Marrakech; the definition of a rain day may differ between countries. Sunsets from the US Naval Observatory.
The tourist office recommends March to May and September to November for Marrakech, and calls summer very hot, with mild winter days and cool evenings. The regional tourism council gives December to March as the ski season at Oukaïmeden: in those months, ask the driver to check the road bulletin before the climb.
Rain is a winter matter here: on a wet day, drop the valley roads, not the city (see the Atlas roads above).
Ramadan 2027
Canada expects Ramadan to begin on or around 7 February 2027. Morocco then usually goes back to GMT, so sunset on 15 February would fall at 18:19 rather than 19:19. Agree the lunch stop in advance, and check opening hours: British advice says so for shops and restaurants, and Le Jardin Secret has not yet published its Ramadan hours.
Heat-wave days
On days of an orange or red heat-wave alert, the Moroccan weather service advises avoiding going out in the hottest hours, from 11am to 9pm. That leaves the early morning for anything outdoors. Ask for a start at first light on those days, and keep the middle hours for indoor visits.
Sources: WMO World Weather Information Service (data: Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Morocco), checked on · WMO World Weather Information Service, checked on · US Naval Observatory, Astronomical Applications Department (1, 2), checked on · ONMT (visitmorocco.com) (1, 2), checked on · CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on · Government of Canada, checked on · Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Réforme de l'Administration, checked on · GOV.UK (FCDO travel advice), checked on · Le Jardin Secret, checked on · Direction Générale de la Météorologie (Maroc Météo), checked on
Hire a driver in Marrakech, a guide, or both: who does what at each stop
Hire a driver in Marrakech to drive, and a guide to guide: they are two jobs. Moroccan law 05-12 says nobody may work as a tourist guide without an approval issued by the administration. The Ministry of Tourism publishes the list of approved guides, searchable by name.
The ministry sorts guides into two categories. Guides of cities and tourist circuits work in towns, at sites, inside monuments and museums. Guides of natural areas lead excursions and walks in the mountains and deserts, on routes that need no climbing, mountaineering or ski technique.
| Stop | Who goes with you | What the rule or the official advice says |
|---|---|---|
| Medina lanes and souks | An approved city guide, if you want one | British advice: a guide should have an official badge and permission from the local authority |
| Toubkal trails from Imlil | A mountain guide | Tourist office: hire a guide; the climb takes two days |
| Walks in remote Atlas valleys | A guide of natural areas | Canada: hire only official guides recommended by hotels, agencies or tourist authorities |
| Craft cooperatives on the road | Only if you ask for them | Tourism council: group minibus trips often include them |
Law n° 05-12 of 2012 as published in the Bulletin officiel, read in the copy the Ministry of Tourism links; later amendments not read.
Bogus guides are common, British advice warns, with people posing as official guides to harass tourists. The law asks guides at work to carry a professional card and a badge issued by the administration. A guide who joins you in the medina should be able to show both.
Shop stops are a choice, not part of the deal. Say in your message whether you want none, or name the cooperatives you want to see. Group trips stop at them often enough that the regional council mentions it.
Under the same law, guide fees are set as an indication by the national federation of tourist guides. We found no official amount, so ask whether a guide is in the quote, and for which stops.
Sources: Bulletin officiel n° 6088 (loi n° 05-12), copy published by the Ministry of Tourism, checked on · Ministère du Tourisme, de l'Artisanat et de l'Economie Sociale et Solidaire, checked on · GOV.UK (FCDO travel advice), checked on · ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on · Government of Canada, checked on · Jardin Majorelle, checked on · Conseil Régional du Tourisme de Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
Marrakech chauffeur service on arrival days, departure days and evenings
A Marrakech chauffeur service by the hour fills three gaps the day trips leave: the arrival day, the departure day and the evening out. On an arrival day the hire can start at Menara with your bags in the boot. The transport company confirms on WhatsApp whether it collects you there.
Menara's arrivals kerb is 6.0 km and 8 minutes from the Koutoubia by routing, and Agafay is 27 km and 40 minutes from the terminal. On a morning landing, an afternoon on the plateau fits before you check in, with the luggage in the car.
On a departure day, work back from your airline's deadline, not a general rule. Ryanair, for example, recommends that passengers be at the check-in or bag drop desk at least 2 hours before the flight, and closes its desks at Moroccan airports 60 minutes before departure.
Evenings are the third use. A dinner in the Palmeraie or out on the Ourika road ends late, and British advice asks for caution with petit taxis, especially on late-night journeys. A car on call removes that question, and the driver knows the gate you came out of.
| Use | Where it starts and ends | What fits | Distance involved |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arrival day | Menara airport, then your riad or hotel | Agafay or the gardens before check-in | 27 km from the terminal to Agafay |
| Departure day | Your riad, then Menara | A last garden on the way, inside your airline's margin | 6.0 km from the Koutoubia to the terminal |
| Evening | Your riad, a dinner in the Palmeraie, and back | Dinner and the late ride home | 7.9 km from the Koutoubia to the Palmeraie |
Distances routed one way on OpenStreetMap data (OSRM), 15 November 2026. Check-in deadlines are your airline's.
For a single ride from the airport with your bags, without a day attached, ask on the Menara airport transfer page, which quotes by area of the city.
Landing or flying out on the day of your outing? Put both in one request.
Get a quoteSources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap (1, 2), checked on · Ryanair (1, 2), checked on · UK FCDO, checked on
Two and three days with a driver, starting and ending in Marrakech
Once a day passes about 6 hours of return driving, sleeping away beats going back. A second day turns the long outings into easy ones and spreads the road over two days. In the quote, ask how the driver's night is charged.
| Nights away | Stops | Total distance | Driving time | Longest leg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 night | Essaouira and back | 367 km | 5 hours 15 minutes | 184 km, the Koutoubia to Bab Sbaa |
| 1 night | Telouet and Aït Ben Haddou, night in Ouarzazate | 400 km | 8 hours | 196 km, Ouarzazate back to the Koutoubia |
| 1 night | Ouzoud falls, night by the Bin el Ouidane lake | 432 km | 7 hours 50 minutes | 211 km, the lake back to the Koutoubia |
| 2 nights | Essaouira, Safi and Oualidia | 577 km | 9 hours | 204 km, Oualidia back to the Koutoubia |
Sums of the routed legs, OSRM on OpenStreetMap data, 15 November 2026: driving only, no stop and no traffic.
The Ouzoud loop is longer than it looks: the routed road from the falls to the dam is 62 km and 1 hour 20 minutes. The tourist office describes the azure water of the lake.
The coast loop leaves Essaouira for Safi, 124 km and 2 hours up the coast, which the tourist office calls one of the Moroccan capitals of ceramics. Oualidia, known for its oysters, is 66 km and 55 minutes further north, and the longest drive is the run home.
A route that ends in another city, such as Fez or a desert camp, is a different booking. That case, and how a quote over several days is built, are on our Morocco-wide private driver page.
Sources: OSRM / OpenStreetMap (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), checked on · ONMT (visitmorocco.com) (1, 2, 3), checked on
Driver for the day in Marrakech: your plan in one message
The quickest way to a clear quote is one message that holds everything. Copy the checklist below into WhatsApp or the notes of the form, fill in the middle column, and send it in one go. A company that answers a full plan can price it once.
| Item | Your answer | Why the company needs it |
|---|---|---|
| Date and length | The day, and a half day, a full day or the hours you want | Day lengths differ from one company to the next |
| Meeting point | Riad name, the gate its staff use, its phone | One operator page: the car stops at the closest authorised point |
| Stops in order | For example Agafay, then Lalla Takerkoust | Sets the kilometres and the road out |
| Travellers | Adults, and children with their ages | Sets the size of the vehicle |
| Bags | Only if the day starts or ends at Menara | Room in the boot for suitcases |
| Tickets already bought | Your Majorelle time slot, an Anima ticket | The slot fixes the hour at the gate |
| Guide | Wanted or not, and at which stop | Guiding needs its own state approval |
| Shop stops | None, or the ones you want | Group trips often include cooperatives |
| What the quote must state | Hours, kilometres, tolls, the driver's lunch | So nothing is added on the day |
Each line refers back to a section of this guide: day lengths, gates, tickets, guides and tolls.
Each line saves a message later. The gate saves a call from a driver on the wrong side of the medina. The ticket slot stops a quote built around the wrong hour; the line on shops avoids a long stop you never wanted.
Then send it through the form at the top of this page. The reply should name the vehicle, the rate and the time the car will be at your gate, and those are the three things to check against your plan before you confirm.
Your plan is ready? Send it and get a quote for the day.
Get a quoteSources: Jardin Majorelle, checked on · Bulletin officiel n° 6088 (loi n° 05-12), copy published by the Ministry of Tourism, checked on · Conseil Régional du Tourisme de Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
Private driver in Marrakech: questions before you book
How much does a private driver cost in Marrakech?
A private driver in Marrakech is priced by vehicle and by how long you keep it. That runs from an hour or a half day up to several days. Send your plan through the form on this page and the transport company quotes a price per vehicle before the day. A half day to Agafay and a full day to Essaouira are priced differently.
How can I hire a private driver in Marrakech?
You hire a private driver in Marrakech through the form on this page, for a half day, a full day or several days. Match the length to the trip: ONMT puts Agafay about 45 min from the city and Essaouira about 2.5 hours. Write those stops under Itinerary, for example Agafay at sunset or Ourika with a lunch stop.
How much does it cost to hire someone to drive you around?
Hiring someone to drive you around Marrakech means booking one car and its driver for a set period. That can be a half day, a full day or several days, from your riad. Your driver takes you to Agafay, the Ourika Valley or Essaouira and brings you back at the end of the day. Name your stops in the form so the rate covers them.
Can I go from Marrakech to Essaouira and back in a day?
Yes, a day return to Essaouira works with a private driver, but it makes for a long day. ONMT puts the coastal town about 2.5 hours from Marrakech, so you spend about that long on the road each way. A standard full day leaves little time by the sea. Ask for a longer day and an early pick-up at your riad.
Can the day start with a pick-up at Marrakech airport?
You can ask for the day to start at Marrakech Menara airport, before Agafay, the Ourika Valley or Essaouira. Under Add details, write your flight number and landing time at Menara in the Itinerary box, with the rest of your plan. The reply to your request says whether the transport company collects you there. For a single ride to the medina or Gueliz, use the Marrakech airport transfer page instead.
Should I hire a car or a driver in Marrakech?
A hire car suits visitors who are happy to drive, find their way and park on their own. ONMT presents car hire as a way to travel at your own pace. A private driver suits those who would rather look out of the window, on the road to Ourika or the long run to Essaouira. Self-drive hire is on our car hire page.
More for your stay in Marrakech
Before your flight, book a transfer from Menara airport to your riad, priced per vehicle before you land.
For a start in Fez, Tangier, Agadir or Casablanca, book a private driver across Morocco and pick your city in the form.
Waterfalls, Atlas villages or the desert: see Marrakech day trips compared, with durations and tour prices.
If you prefer to drive yourself, see our page on car hire in Marrakech (in French).
Sources
- ONMT, Visit Morocco: Marrakesh, day trips and travel times, checked on
- ONMT, Visit Morocco: Essaouira-Mogador, what not to miss, checked on
- ONMT, Visit Morocco: getting around Morocco (car hire), checked on
- OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, checked on
- OSRM project (car profile), checked on
- OpenStreetMap (Overpass API), checked on
- CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
- WMO World Weather Information Service (data: Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, Morocco), checked on
- Jardin Majorelle (official ticket office), checked on
- Jardin Majorelle, checked on
- Fondation Jardin Majorelle, checked on
- Jardin Majorelle, checked on
- Musée Yves Saint Laurent Marrakech, checked on
- Le Jardin Secret, checked on
- Le Jardin Secret, checked on
- ANIMA garden, checked on
- CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
- OpenStreetMap, checked on
- OpenStreetMap, checked on
- OpenStreetMap (Overpass API), checked on
- CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
- Commune de Marrakech, checked on
- La Tribune de Marrakech, checked on
- CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
- GOV.UK (FCDO travel advice), checked on
- OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on
- US Naval Observatory, Astronomical Applications Department, checked on
- US Naval Observatory, Astronomical Applications Department, checked on
- CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
- OpenStreetMap (Overpass API), checked on
- Government of Canada, checked on
- ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on
- ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on
- OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on
- CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
- OpenStreetMap (Overpass API), checked on
- ANIMA garden, checked on
- OpenStreetMap (Overpass API), checked on
- CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
- ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on
- Direction Générale de la Météorologie (Maroc Météo), checked on
- Ministère de l'Equipement et de l'Eau, checked on
- Ministère de l'Equipement et de l'Eau, Direction générale des routes, checked on
- Ministère de l'Equipement et de l'Eau, checked on
- Ministère de l'Equipement et de l'Eau (dépêche MAP), checked on
- ADM, checked on
- CTM, checked on
- CTM, checked on
- CTM, checked on
- CTM, checked on
- Supratours, checked on
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, checked on
- OpenStreetMap, checked on
- OpenStreetMap, checked on
- ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on
- UNESCO (Global Geoparks), checked on
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre, checked on
- OpenStreetMap (Overpass API), checked on
- ADM, checked on
- LesEco, checked on
- WMO World Weather Information Service, checked on
- CRT Marrakech-Safi (visitmarrakech.com), checked on
- Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Réforme de l'Administration, checked on
- Bulletin officiel n° 6088 (loi n° 05-12), copy published by the Ministry of Tourism, checked on
- Ministère du Tourisme, de l'Artisanat et de l'Economie Sociale et Solidaire, checked on
- Ryanair, checked on
- Ryanair, checked on
- OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on
- OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on
- OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on
- OSRM / OpenStreetMap, checked on
- ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on
- ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on
- ONMT (visitmorocco.com), checked on
